the Urim and the Thummim烏 陵 、 和 土 明

Exodus 28:30 Also put the Urim and the Thummim in the breastpiece, so they may be over Aaron's heart whenever he enters the presence of the LORD. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of making decisions for the Israelites over his heart before the LORD. Leviticus 8:8 He placed the breastpiece on him and put the Urim and Thummim in the breastpiece. Numbers 27:21 He is to stand before Eleazar the priest, who will obtain decisions for him by inquiring of the Urim before the LORD. At his command he and the entire community of the Israelites will go out, and at his command they will come in." Deuteronomy 33:8 About Levi he said: "Your Thummim and Urim belong to the man you favored. You tested him at Massah; you contended with him at the waters of Meribah. 1 Samuel 28:6 He inquired of the LORD, but the LORD did not answer him by dreams or Urim or prophets. Ezra 2:63 The governor ordered them not to eat any of the most sacred food until there was a priest ministering with the Urim and Thummim. Nehemiah 7:65 The governor, therefore, ordered them not to eat any of the most sacred food until there should be a priest ministering with the Urim and Thummim. ====================== 出埃及28章30節說到將烏陵和土明，放在大祭司所穿決斷的胸牌上。 胸牌包括12塊寶石，每塊石頭上寫了12支派其中一個支派的名字。 巴朗（David Baron）所著『古代經書與現代猶太人』（Ancient Scriptures and the Modern Jew）一書中，附有一篇論到烏陵與土明的文章。 按照這篇文章，胸牌上的12個名字包含了希伯來22個字母中的18個。剩下4個字母放在一塊稱為土明的石頭上。 土明原文意：使之完全或完整之物。因此，在胸牌連同稱為土明這附加的石頭上，能看到全部希伯來22個字母。這些字母就能用來寫出字辭與句子。 並且按照這篇文章，烏陵是插進胸牌裏面，放在12塊石頭下面的光照之物。烏陵原文意：光或光照之物。 這篇文章接著說，烏陵有12個光照之物，是用來照亮胸牌上每一塊石頭的。烏陵和土明加到胸牌上，就使胸牌成為決斷的胸牌。 當神將祂的子民帶到曠野，祂是藉著摩西對他們說話。 神是面對面的與摩西說話。 但摩西的繼承者約書亞要從神得著引導，卻不是藉著祂直接的說話，像祂對摩西說話那樣，乃是藉著祭司以利亞撒所穿胸牌上的烏陵與土明。 甚麼時候約書亞需要關於百姓行動的引導，他必須到大祭司那裏，大祭司就藉著烏陵和土明從神得著引導。 雖然約書亞成了領頭者，但他沒有權利直接得著神聖的指引。 神的指引乃是由大祭司得著，然後傳給約書亞，由他負責執行。 大祭司有權利得著神聖的指引，但沒有權利或權柄執行這些指引。 執行神聖指引的權柄是給領頭者約書亞。 這樣，百姓就照著祭司所給並約書亞所執行的指引出入。 神在祂子民中間的行政不是專制或民主，乃是神治。 這神聖的行政，這神治的實行，乃是藉得著神指引的大祭司，與執行這些指引的領頭者合作而成。 當摩西在曠野帶領百姓時，神聖的行政並不倚賴大祭司和領頭者這兩個人的合作，而是倚靠一個人－摩西。 摩西是領頭者，也盡祭司的功用。（亞倫的幫助不大。） 然而，摩西之後，神聖的行政就要倚靠大祭司和領頭者這兩個人。 舊約的各代都是這種情形，惟一的例外是大衛的時候， 他是領頭者同時也是祭司，身穿以弗得（穿在祭司袍上的背心）。 當以色列人從被擄歸回的時候，約書亞是大祭司，而王家的一個後裔所羅巴伯乃是領頭者。 二人配搭一起，執行神治，就是神聖的行政。 ====================================== Where did Moses get the knowledge of the Urim and Thummim? Exodus 18: 13. The next day, Moses took his seat to hear the people's disputes against each other. They waited before him from morning till evening. 14. When Moses' father-in-law saw all that Moses was doing for the people, he asked, "What are you really accomplishing here? Why are you trying to do all this alone while everyone stands around you from morning till evening?" 15. Moses replied, "Because the people come to me to get a ruling from God. 16 When a dispute arises, they come to me, and I am the one who settles the case between the quarreling parties. I inform the people of God's decrees and give them his instructions." Question: How did Moses get a ruling from God? It is written in Exodus, that Moses commanded the following. Exodus 28:30 Also put the Urim and the Thummim in the breastpiece, so they may be over Aaron's heart whenever he enters the presence of the LORD. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of making decisions for the Israelites over his heart before the LORD. Question: So how did Moses get rulings from God for the people? Answer: It was with the Urim and Thummim. Question: So where did Moses get the knowledge of the Urim and Thummim? Acts 7:22 Moses was educated in all the wisdom of the Egyptians.... Answer: All the evidence points to Egypt, as the place. ============================= 這個詞Abracadabra可能有它的起源在亞拉姆語中，但許多衝突民俗詞源是與它相關。 胡言亂語可能來自亞拉姆語短語含義的詞"我創造我發言時"。 這個詞源是令人懷疑，然而，אברא כדברא 在亞拉姆語是更合理地翻譯"我創建像這個詞"。[引文需要]在這個所謂的亞拉姆語短語的第二個詞必須是一個名詞，給出了定冠詞[引文需要]一端的 （它不能一個不定式的構造，如不定式不能定冠詞） 一詞的存在。不管怎麼說，這句話會實際上宣告ebra kidbara，顯然有別于胡言亂語[引文需要]。然而，像亞拉姆語的閃族語言並不總是一成不變的母音，轉讓和胡言亂語是相似 ebra kidebra，給出了母音轉移的趨勢。在希伯來文中，這個短語翻譯更準確，因為"它來傳遞，它講了話。[引文需要] "[A] bracadabra 可能包括Ab （父親）、本（兒子） 和聖靈 A Cadsch （聖靈），希伯來文單詞的縮寫的形式， 雖然替代推導關乎衛矛尺，一個腳的蛇的神，前基督教時期在亞歷山德里亞崇拜這個詞。" 從希伯來文縮寫詞的 David 皮克林的描述也是虛假的詞源學 — — 因為他很顯然在這裡的意思是亞拉姆語 （בר 是亞拉姆語為"兒子"，它是 בן 在希伯來文中的，雖然 בר 是一種尊敬的形式），也不考慮他在詞的最後五個字母 （即，德-）。 這個詞可能源自作為一種方式來記住字母的發音的第一個字母 ABCD......它變得更加可讀和更容易地記住通過添加重複的母音"a"或"鐳"聲音那裡有沒有和末尾添加韻"胸罩"。寫作和字母是魔術的在這些時期到大多數人的一種形式。 =========================== Excerpt from: Yale Alumni Magazine - "Urim and Thummim" (Clarification of the Hebrew words may reside in Yale's primary divinity text, Johannes Wollebius's The Abridgement of Christian Divinitie, which was then studied all afternoon every Friday by Yale students as part of the long preparation for the Christian Sabbath. Wollebius's book was of such importance, Samuel Johnson (Class of 1714) noted sarcastically, that it was "considered with equal or greater veneration than the Bible itself." In Wollebius's text we find an interpretation of the Hebrew words that might surprise 21st-century readers: "Urim and Thummim. did signify Christ the Word and Interpreter of the Father, our light and perfection." Full article click here. LUX ET VERITAS: at the bottom of Yale's logo means Urim and Thummim in Latin , it's Yale's motto.