2011年4月18日 星期一
The Wolf That Changed America
The Wolf That Changed America
Introduction
In 1893, a bounty hunter named Ernest Thompson Seton
journeyed to the untamed canyons of New Mexico
on a mission to kill a dangerous outlaw.
Feared by ranchers throughout the region,
the outlaw wasn’t a pistol-packing cowboy or train-robbing bandit.
The outlaw was a wolf.
Lobo, as locals simply called him, was the legendary leader
of a band of cattle-killing wolves
that had been terrorizing cattle ranchers and their livestock.
Known as the “King of the Currumpaw,”
Lobo seemingly had a mythical ability to cheat death,
eluding the traps that ranchers had set for him throughout the countryside.
It was up to Seton, a naturalist as well as a professional animal trapper,
to exterminate this “super-wolf.”
The ensuing battle of wits between wolf and man would spark
a real-life wilderness drama,
the outcome of which would leave a lasting effect
on a new and growing movement in America:
wilderness preservation.
----------------------
the seeds of Scouting were growing in the United States.
On a farm in Connecticut,
a naturalist and author named Ernest Thompson Seton
was organizing a group of boys called the Woodcraft Indians;
and Daniel Carter Beard, an artist and writer,
organized the Sons of Daniel Boone.
In many ways, the two organizations were similar, but they were not connected.
After the incorporation of the BSA,
a group of public-spirited citizens worked to set up the organization.
Seton became the first Chief Scout of the BSA,
and Beard was made the national commissioner.
--------------------
1860 Born In South Shields, Durham, England, August 14.
1866 Immigrated to Lindsay, Ontario, Canada with his parents and nine brothers. Seton was a Canadian for 64 ot his 96 years of life.
1870-1879 Family moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada . Two Little Savages later recorded his youthful adventures in Toronto's ravines.
1876 First oil painting "The Sharpshin Hawk" at age 16. He produced 4,000 paintings, drawings and sketches during his lifetime.
1879 Awarded Toronto Society of- Arts Gold Medai.
1879 Studied art in London, England. Two-year scholarship granted at the Royal Academy on the basis of a juried examination of his work. Because he was under age (only 19), according to the rules of the British Museum, he sought and was granted permission, for life, to use the resources of the library by the then Regents -- the Prince of Wales, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Prime Minister E)Disraeli. 1881 First article published, "Key to birds of Canada."
1882-1886 Spent much of his formative years at his brother Arthur's homestead half a mile east of Carberry, Manitoba, Canada. 'The golden years, the best days of my life," wrote Seton of the Sandhills and Spruce Woods of Carberry- Subsequently wrote Trail of the Sandhill Stag. First contact with the Native Peoples of North America.
1883 Studied art in New York, USA at the Art Students League. Bronze sculpture of "The American Bison" praised.
1884 Studied art in Paris, France.
1885 Provided 1,000 animal drawings for the Century Dictionary, and the illustrations for Frank M. Chapman's Handbook of Birds, which were favorably compared with those of Audubon. 1886 "A List of the Mammals of Manitoba" published. 1890-1891 Studied art in Paris, France at the Julian Academy.
1891 Painting "The Sleeping Wolf" hung in featured space in the Paris Salon, France.
1892 Appointed Provincial Naturalist, Government of Manitoba, Canada, an appointment he held for the rest of his life. His books Birds of Manitoba and Animals of Manitoba are respected references to this day.
1893 Hunt in the Territory of New Mexico, USA, for "Lobo," a clever marauding wolf so famous locatlly that he had acquired a name and and identity. Seton was sorry-to kill so fine an animal. but he did not kill "Lobo's" spirit. Later he would use the wolf paw print as part of his signature. Also, a deep and long-lasting friendship began with Canadian Native poet E. Pauline Johnson.
1893 Painting "Triumph of the Wolves" hung -at the Chicago World Fair, USA. This painting created considerable controversy because it portrays the reality of the natural world from the wolves' perspective.
Triumph%20of%20the%20Wolves.jpg
1894 Story of Lobo pubiished in Scribner's, a leading American magazine.
1896 First book published, Studies in the Art Anatomy of Animals. In addition to 42 books, Seton also published thousands of articles.
1896 Married Grace Gallatin of New York, NY, USA. She was a widely published travel and adventure author, leading suffragette, patron of the arts and letters, and fund raiser.
1898 Wild Animals I have Known published, the first and most acclaimed of his many books of animal stories (included Lobo) This book has never been out of print, and has been published in a dozen languages. Kipling wrote to Seton that the idea for the Jungle Books came from Wild Animals I Have Known. A stream of other books of animal stories soon followed, including Biography of a Grizzly, Lives of the Hunted and Two Little Savages. His reputation as a naturalist, author, illustrator and storyteller spread rapidly All over the world. But some controversy ensued. John Burroughs, a prominent naturalist, attacked Seton in the Atlantic, another leading American ine, for ascribing self- consciousness, motives and emotions to animals. He later accepted the evidence of Seton's scrupulous field observations and became a friend and colleague. Burroughs wrote, "Seton easily throws all other animal story writers in the shade."
1900 Moved to "Windygoul" Cos Cob, Connecticut, USA. 1900 Expanded conservation work. Later celebrated as a seminal non-Native environmentalist. Gave 6,000 lectures in North America and Europe during his life. His message, based substantially on the wisdom of the Native Elders, has proven to be singularly prophetic.DSC07707.JPG
1902 Founding of Woodcraft, originaily the Woodcraft Indians, a "Tribe" of 12 boys from Cos Cob School. The "tribe" grew during Seton's Cos Cob years and met on weekends and for summer camps. Woodcraft was the forerunner of the Boy Scout movement, and major influence on the Girl Guides, Cub Scouts, the YMCA and the Canadian and American Camping Associations. Began publishing the Birch Bark Roll, an annually updated manual for Woodcrafters. Twenty-eight editions were published until 1930. An essential feature of Woodcraft is that it requires judicious updating to incorporate new ideas and.realities, without losing its essential features.Seton%20at%20Castle.jpg
1904 Daughter Anya Seton born. She wrote much admired historical novels, several of which were made into movies, including "Dragonwyck" and "Foxfire."
1906 Met and worked with Baden-Powell in England to develop the Boy Scout movement.
1907 Undertook a 2,000-mile, seven-month canoe trip exploring Northern Canada, using Hudson'-s Bay Company routes in the Arctic including the Thelon River, Northwest Territories. Wrote The Arctic Prairies. Elected to the Explorers Club. Membership in this club is granted only to a select few premier adventurerst such as Admiral Peary and Sir Edmund Hillary.
1908 Moved to Greenwich, Connecticut, USA. Site of major experimentation and expansion of Woodcraft, which he then called the Woodcraft League.
1909 Published Life Histories of Northern Animals, a significant work in two volumes. Frank Chapman said, "Seton has done for the mammals what Audubon did for our birds but he has done it better."
1910 Chairman, Founding Committee, Boy Scouts of America.
1910 Wrote first Boy Scout Manual.
1910-1915 Chief Scout, Boy Scouts of America.
1912 Woodcraft League of Czechoslovakia founded. The Book of Woodcraft published.
1916 Order of Woodcraft Chivalry founded in England. Other Leagues founded over the years in Belgium, France, Canada, Poland, Germany, Hungary, USSR,, Ireland and Yugoslavia.
1917 Woodcraft League of America incorporated. Ernest Thompson Seton universally called Chief in connection with Woodcraft. The Black Wolf was conferred on him by the Sioux, whose language (one of several) he spoke. He preferred this name to his own. Board members inciuded naturalists John Burroughs and Frank Chapman, businessmen David Abercrombie, John Alexander and James E. Sullivan, plus James L. Hughes (Inspector of Public Schools, Toronto, Canada),. Edgar Robinson (Secretary of the International YMCA), Charles D. Walcott (Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute),. and Ambassador Henry Van Dyke of Princeton University. President Theodore Roosevelt was Patron and coined "Blue Sky," the traditional greeting of Woodcrafters everywhere. Roosevelt defined Woodcraft "a man making scheme with a blue sky background." Seton wrote, "Woodcraft is something to do, with what you have." Roosevelt commissioned a wolf painting that still hangs in the Governor's Residence in Albany New York, USA.
1917 Published the first "Totem Board," an occasional news-bulletin of Woodcraft ideas and activities.
1918 Published Sign Talk, a study of Native linguistics, the result of 20 years of periodic travel and research among many Native Nations in the western United States and Canada.
1918-1925 Research and writing of major scientific work The Lives of Game Animals, in four volumes with 1,500 illustrations.
1924 Last vist to Carberry, Manitoba,
1926 Received the "Silver Buffalo Award," Boy Scouts of America, in the year of the inception of this honor.
1927 Journey to live and study with the Sioux and Pueblo Indian Peoples in co-operation with Clyde Fisher, Head of the Hayden Planetariun, American Museum of Natural History, whose wife was Te Ata, a Cherokee and stage actress. Continuation of Seton's lifelong appreciation and advocacy for the culture and traditions of the First Peoples. Wrote Gospel of the Redman.
1928 Awarded the internationally prestigious "John Burroughs Medal" by the National Institute of Sciences, USA, in recognition of.the importance of Lives of Game Animals.
1928 Awarded the "Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal" by the American Museum of Natural History, for "pre-eminence in zoology," Lives of Game Animals.
1928 Played a key role in founding the American Cub Scouts, which borrowed liberally from Woodcraft.
1930 Moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, the 47th State of the USA. Designed and built Seton Castle. Founded the "Seton Institute of Indian Lore," a training camp for leaders of recreational organizations based on the North American Indian traditional way of life.
1930 Became a citizen of the United States of America, at age 70. Continued to travel, conduct research, write, lecture and promote Woodcraft.
1935 Divorced. Married Julia Moses Buttree (also known as Julia Moss Buttree), January 22, 1935, El Paso, TX, USA. Julia Seton was a Lecturer at Hunter College, New York, and an author who wrote extensively on Native arts, crafts and music. (e.g., American Indian Arts, A Way of Life.)
1936 Lengthy lecture tour of the United Kingdon and the European continent including Germany and Czechoslovakia. where he also visited Woodcraft organizations. This tour was one of a half dozen he made overseas.
1938 Adopted daughter Beulah (later changed to Dee).
1939 Published The Buffaio Wind. This fine and poetic short book describes, with magnificent imagery, the call he heard all his life to give voice to the Red Man's way.
Seton%20Castle%20Luminarias.jpg
Luminarias Light the Courtyard of Seton Castle
1940 Published his autobiography, Trail of an Artist Naturalist.
1945 Published his last book, Santana, the Hero Dog of France.
1945 Painted his last picture.
1946 Gave his last lecture on his birthday, August 14, at the University of New Mexico.
1946 Died October 23, 1946, Seton Castle, Santa Fe, New Mexico, aged 86.
Introduction
In 1893, a bounty hunter named Ernest Thompson Seton
journeyed to the untamed canyons of New Mexico
on a mission to kill a dangerous outlaw.
Feared by ranchers throughout the region,
the outlaw wasn’t a pistol-packing cowboy or train-robbing bandit.
The outlaw was a wolf.
Lobo, as locals simply called him, was the legendary leader
of a band of cattle-killing wolves
that had been terrorizing cattle ranchers and their livestock.
Known as the “King of the Currumpaw,”
Lobo seemingly had a mythical ability to cheat death,
eluding the traps that ranchers had set for him throughout the countryside.
It was up to Seton, a naturalist as well as a professional animal trapper,
to exterminate this “super-wolf.”
The ensuing battle of wits between wolf and man would spark
a real-life wilderness drama,
the outcome of which would leave a lasting effect
on a new and growing movement in America:
wilderness preservation.
----------------------
the seeds of Scouting were growing in the United States.
On a farm in Connecticut,
a naturalist and author named Ernest Thompson Seton
was organizing a group of boys called the Woodcraft Indians;
and Daniel Carter Beard, an artist and writer,
organized the Sons of Daniel Boone.
In many ways, the two organizations were similar, but they were not connected.
After the incorporation of the BSA,
a group of public-spirited citizens worked to set up the organization.
Seton became the first Chief Scout of the BSA,
and Beard was made the national commissioner.
--------------------
1860 Born In South Shields, Durham, England, August 14.
1866 Immigrated to Lindsay, Ontario, Canada with his parents and nine brothers. Seton was a Canadian for 64 ot his 96 years of life.
1870-1879 Family moved to Toronto, Ontario, Canada . Two Little Savages later recorded his youthful adventures in Toronto's ravines.
1876 First oil painting "The Sharpshin Hawk" at age 16. He produced 4,000 paintings, drawings and sketches during his lifetime.
1879 Awarded Toronto Society of- Arts Gold Medai.
1879 Studied art in London, England. Two-year scholarship granted at the Royal Academy on the basis of a juried examination of his work. Because he was under age (only 19), according to the rules of the British Museum, he sought and was granted permission, for life, to use the resources of the library by the then Regents -- the Prince of Wales, the Archbishop of Canterbury and Prime Minister E)Disraeli. 1881 First article published, "Key to birds of Canada."
1882-1886 Spent much of his formative years at his brother Arthur's homestead half a mile east of Carberry, Manitoba, Canada. 'The golden years, the best days of my life," wrote Seton of the Sandhills and Spruce Woods of Carberry- Subsequently wrote Trail of the Sandhill Stag. First contact with the Native Peoples of North America.
1883 Studied art in New York, USA at the Art Students League. Bronze sculpture of "The American Bison" praised.
1884 Studied art in Paris, France.
1885 Provided 1,000 animal drawings for the Century Dictionary, and the illustrations for Frank M. Chapman's Handbook of Birds, which were favorably compared with those of Audubon. 1886 "A List of the Mammals of Manitoba" published. 1890-1891 Studied art in Paris, France at the Julian Academy.
1891 Painting "The Sleeping Wolf" hung in featured space in the Paris Salon, France.
1892 Appointed Provincial Naturalist, Government of Manitoba, Canada, an appointment he held for the rest of his life. His books Birds of Manitoba and Animals of Manitoba are respected references to this day.
1893 Hunt in the Territory of New Mexico, USA, for "Lobo," a clever marauding wolf so famous locatlly that he had acquired a name and and identity. Seton was sorry-to kill so fine an animal. but he did not kill "Lobo's" spirit. Later he would use the wolf paw print as part of his signature. Also, a deep and long-lasting friendship began with Canadian Native poet E. Pauline Johnson.
1893 Painting "Triumph of the Wolves" hung -at the Chicago World Fair, USA. This painting created considerable controversy because it portrays the reality of the natural world from the wolves' perspective.
Triumph%20of%20the%20Wolves.jpg
1894 Story of Lobo pubiished in Scribner's, a leading American magazine.
1896 First book published, Studies in the Art Anatomy of Animals. In addition to 42 books, Seton also published thousands of articles.
1896 Married Grace Gallatin of New York, NY, USA. She was a widely published travel and adventure author, leading suffragette, patron of the arts and letters, and fund raiser.
1898 Wild Animals I have Known published, the first and most acclaimed of his many books of animal stories (included Lobo) This book has never been out of print, and has been published in a dozen languages. Kipling wrote to Seton that the idea for the Jungle Books came from Wild Animals I Have Known. A stream of other books of animal stories soon followed, including Biography of a Grizzly, Lives of the Hunted and Two Little Savages. His reputation as a naturalist, author, illustrator and storyteller spread rapidly All over the world. But some controversy ensued. John Burroughs, a prominent naturalist, attacked Seton in the Atlantic, another leading American ine, for ascribing self- consciousness, motives and emotions to animals. He later accepted the evidence of Seton's scrupulous field observations and became a friend and colleague. Burroughs wrote, "Seton easily throws all other animal story writers in the shade."
1900 Moved to "Windygoul" Cos Cob, Connecticut, USA. 1900 Expanded conservation work. Later celebrated as a seminal non-Native environmentalist. Gave 6,000 lectures in North America and Europe during his life. His message, based substantially on the wisdom of the Native Elders, has proven to be singularly prophetic.DSC07707.JPG
1902 Founding of Woodcraft, originaily the Woodcraft Indians, a "Tribe" of 12 boys from Cos Cob School. The "tribe" grew during Seton's Cos Cob years and met on weekends and for summer camps. Woodcraft was the forerunner of the Boy Scout movement, and major influence on the Girl Guides, Cub Scouts, the YMCA and the Canadian and American Camping Associations. Began publishing the Birch Bark Roll, an annually updated manual for Woodcrafters. Twenty-eight editions were published until 1930. An essential feature of Woodcraft is that it requires judicious updating to incorporate new ideas and.realities, without losing its essential features.Seton%20at%20Castle.jpg
1904 Daughter Anya Seton born. She wrote much admired historical novels, several of which were made into movies, including "Dragonwyck" and "Foxfire."
1906 Met and worked with Baden-Powell in England to develop the Boy Scout movement.
1907 Undertook a 2,000-mile, seven-month canoe trip exploring Northern Canada, using Hudson'-s Bay Company routes in the Arctic including the Thelon River, Northwest Territories. Wrote The Arctic Prairies. Elected to the Explorers Club. Membership in this club is granted only to a select few premier adventurerst such as Admiral Peary and Sir Edmund Hillary.
1908 Moved to Greenwich, Connecticut, USA. Site of major experimentation and expansion of Woodcraft, which he then called the Woodcraft League.
1909 Published Life Histories of Northern Animals, a significant work in two volumes. Frank Chapman said, "Seton has done for the mammals what Audubon did for our birds but he has done it better."
1910 Chairman, Founding Committee, Boy Scouts of America.
1910 Wrote first Boy Scout Manual.
1910-1915 Chief Scout, Boy Scouts of America.
1912 Woodcraft League of Czechoslovakia founded. The Book of Woodcraft published.
1916 Order of Woodcraft Chivalry founded in England. Other Leagues founded over the years in Belgium, France, Canada, Poland, Germany, Hungary, USSR,, Ireland and Yugoslavia.
1917 Woodcraft League of America incorporated. Ernest Thompson Seton universally called Chief in connection with Woodcraft. The Black Wolf was conferred on him by the Sioux, whose language (one of several) he spoke. He preferred this name to his own. Board members inciuded naturalists John Burroughs and Frank Chapman, businessmen David Abercrombie, John Alexander and James E. Sullivan, plus James L. Hughes (Inspector of Public Schools, Toronto, Canada),. Edgar Robinson (Secretary of the International YMCA), Charles D. Walcott (Secretary of the Smithsonian Institute),. and Ambassador Henry Van Dyke of Princeton University. President Theodore Roosevelt was Patron and coined "Blue Sky," the traditional greeting of Woodcrafters everywhere. Roosevelt defined Woodcraft "a man making scheme with a blue sky background." Seton wrote, "Woodcraft is something to do, with what you have." Roosevelt commissioned a wolf painting that still hangs in the Governor's Residence in Albany New York, USA.
1917 Published the first "Totem Board," an occasional news-bulletin of Woodcraft ideas and activities.
1918 Published Sign Talk, a study of Native linguistics, the result of 20 years of periodic travel and research among many Native Nations in the western United States and Canada.
1918-1925 Research and writing of major scientific work The Lives of Game Animals, in four volumes with 1,500 illustrations.
1924 Last vist to Carberry, Manitoba,
1926 Received the "Silver Buffalo Award," Boy Scouts of America, in the year of the inception of this honor.
1927 Journey to live and study with the Sioux and Pueblo Indian Peoples in co-operation with Clyde Fisher, Head of the Hayden Planetariun, American Museum of Natural History, whose wife was Te Ata, a Cherokee and stage actress. Continuation of Seton's lifelong appreciation and advocacy for the culture and traditions of the First Peoples. Wrote Gospel of the Redman.
1928 Awarded the internationally prestigious "John Burroughs Medal" by the National Institute of Sciences, USA, in recognition of.the importance of Lives of Game Animals.
1928 Awarded the "Daniel Giraud Elliot Medal" by the American Museum of Natural History, for "pre-eminence in zoology," Lives of Game Animals.
1928 Played a key role in founding the American Cub Scouts, which borrowed liberally from Woodcraft.
1930 Moved to Santa Fe, New Mexico, the 47th State of the USA. Designed and built Seton Castle. Founded the "Seton Institute of Indian Lore," a training camp for leaders of recreational organizations based on the North American Indian traditional way of life.
1930 Became a citizen of the United States of America, at age 70. Continued to travel, conduct research, write, lecture and promote Woodcraft.
1935 Divorced. Married Julia Moses Buttree (also known as Julia Moss Buttree), January 22, 1935, El Paso, TX, USA. Julia Seton was a Lecturer at Hunter College, New York, and an author who wrote extensively on Native arts, crafts and music. (e.g., American Indian Arts, A Way of Life.)
1936 Lengthy lecture tour of the United Kingdon and the European continent including Germany and Czechoslovakia. where he also visited Woodcraft organizations. This tour was one of a half dozen he made overseas.
1938 Adopted daughter Beulah (later changed to Dee).
1939 Published The Buffaio Wind. This fine and poetic short book describes, with magnificent imagery, the call he heard all his life to give voice to the Red Man's way.
Seton%20Castle%20Luminarias.jpg
Luminarias Light the Courtyard of Seton Castle
1940 Published his autobiography, Trail of an Artist Naturalist.
1945 Published his last book, Santana, the Hero Dog of France.
1945 Painted his last picture.
1946 Gave his last lecture on his birthday, August 14, at the University of New Mexico.
1946 Died October 23, 1946, Seton Castle, Santa Fe, New Mexico, aged 86.
2011年4月14日 星期四
2011全球基督教人口
全球人口為69億8千8百萬，增長了1.22%，
城巿人口佔35億，佔總人口一半，增幅為2.04%，
鄉村人口增幅0.45%。
識字人口增長 2.25%，文盲人口有下降趨勢，比往年下跌了0.51%。
隨著都巿化的進程，全球人口超過百萬的「超級城巿」由去年的498個增至507個，
升幅2.13%，但城巿發展卻產生了19億6千萬的「城巿貧民」，佔總城巿人口55%之多，
比去年增加了6千萬人，升幅達3.11%。另外貧民窟人口亦突破10億大關，升幅更達3.39%。
廣義基督徒已達23億 伊斯蘭教徒增幅大
不同宗教人口數字，廣義基督徒
(包括基督教、天主教、更正教、東正教、其他獨立教會及
邊緣基督徒如耶和華見證人、基督復臨安息日會等會友)有23億，較去年升幅 1.32%，
仍然穩佔全球人口比例33%；
伊斯蘭教徒比去年上升1.82%，達15億7千8百萬，佔全球人數比例約22.6%。
其他宗教以印度教徒及佛教徒最多，分別有9億5千萬及4億6千8百萬。
值得注意的是無宗教信仰者及無神論者持續下跌之勢，跌幅分別為0.04%及0.09%。
靈恩派信徒升幅最大
全球基督教情況，在23億廣義基督徒中，名冊會友佔21億8千7百萬，
而聚會人數則只有15億2千3百萬。此外，「靈恩派」的信徒升幅最大，佔2.2%，比去年的2.42%稍緩；
其次是「福音派」信徒，升幅2.04%，而「大使命」信徒則升幅 1.22%。
值得一提的是全球殉道者人數比去年減少4.18%，由去年的17萬8千人銳減至今年的10萬人。
基督宗教裡宗派會友人數方面，羅馬天主教有11億6千8百萬，升幅0.98%；
更正教(基督教)4億2千6百萬，升幅1.68%；此外獨立教會信徒3億7千8百萬，升幅2.33%。
東正教及聖公會則分別升幅0.63%及1.43%。
歐洲信徒人口仍最多 但增幅遠遜非洲亞洲
地域分佈方面，基督徒人口仍以歐洲(包括俄羅斯)為最多，有5億5千8百萬，佔全體基督徒人口24%；
其次是拉丁美洲信徒，人口達5億4千2百萬。
然後是非洲(4億7千4百多萬)及亞洲(3億5千4百多萬)。
然而增長率方面則以非洲領先，增長率比去年達2.61%，其次是亞洲，增幅2.32%。
拉丁美洲、歐洲等增幅較少，分別只有1.18%及0.18%。
全球基督教宗派4萬多個
基督教組織及工人方面，全球宗派有4萬2千多個，敬拜地點517萬多個，
社會服務組織2 萬8千多個，海外差傳機構則有4,800多個，均各平均增長。
奉獻方面，全球教會奉獻總收入為5,450億美元，而普世差傳事工的總收入則有310億美元。
最後是全球宣教現況，福音未得之民的數字有20億5千3百多萬，增幅1.05%；
然而在全球人口比例上則喜見下跌0.17%，佔全球人口29.4%。
城巿人口佔35億，佔總人口一半，增幅為2.04%，
鄉村人口增幅0.45%。
識字人口增長 2.25%，文盲人口有下降趨勢，比往年下跌了0.51%。
隨著都巿化的進程，全球人口超過百萬的「超級城巿」由去年的498個增至507個，
升幅2.13%，但城巿發展卻產生了19億6千萬的「城巿貧民」，佔總城巿人口55%之多，
比去年增加了6千萬人，升幅達3.11%。另外貧民窟人口亦突破10億大關，升幅更達3.39%。
廣義基督徒已達23億 伊斯蘭教徒增幅大
不同宗教人口數字，廣義基督徒
(包括基督教、天主教、更正教、東正教、其他獨立教會及
邊緣基督徒如耶和華見證人、基督復臨安息日會等會友)有23億，較去年升幅 1.32%，
仍然穩佔全球人口比例33%；
伊斯蘭教徒比去年上升1.82%，達15億7千8百萬，佔全球人數比例約22.6%。
其他宗教以印度教徒及佛教徒最多，分別有9億5千萬及4億6千8百萬。
值得注意的是無宗教信仰者及無神論者持續下跌之勢，跌幅分別為0.04%及0.09%。
靈恩派信徒升幅最大
全球基督教情況，在23億廣義基督徒中，名冊會友佔21億8千7百萬，
而聚會人數則只有15億2千3百萬。此外，「靈恩派」的信徒升幅最大，佔2.2%，比去年的2.42%稍緩；
其次是「福音派」信徒，升幅2.04%，而「大使命」信徒則升幅 1.22%。
值得一提的是全球殉道者人數比去年減少4.18%，由去年的17萬8千人銳減至今年的10萬人。
基督宗教裡宗派會友人數方面，羅馬天主教有11億6千8百萬，升幅0.98%；
更正教(基督教)4億2千6百萬，升幅1.68%；此外獨立教會信徒3億7千8百萬，升幅2.33%。
東正教及聖公會則分別升幅0.63%及1.43%。
歐洲信徒人口仍最多 但增幅遠遜非洲亞洲
地域分佈方面，基督徒人口仍以歐洲(包括俄羅斯)為最多，有5億5千8百萬，佔全體基督徒人口24%；
其次是拉丁美洲信徒，人口達5億4千2百萬。
然後是非洲(4億7千4百多萬)及亞洲(3億5千4百多萬)。
然而增長率方面則以非洲領先，增長率比去年達2.61%，其次是亞洲，增幅2.32%。
拉丁美洲、歐洲等增幅較少，分別只有1.18%及0.18%。
全球基督教宗派4萬多個
基督教組織及工人方面，全球宗派有4萬2千多個，敬拜地點517萬多個，
社會服務組織2 萬8千多個，海外差傳機構則有4,800多個，均各平均增長。
奉獻方面，全球教會奉獻總收入為5,450億美元，而普世差傳事工的總收入則有310億美元。
最後是全球宣教現況，福音未得之民的數字有20億5千3百多萬，增幅1.05%；
然而在全球人口比例上則喜見下跌0.17%，佔全球人口29.4%。
2011年4月10日 星期日
淝水之战--谢安把脚上的木屐的齿也碰断了
晋军收复寿阳，谢石和谢玄派飞马往建康报捷。
当时谢安正跟客人在家下棋。他看完了谢石送来的捷报，不露声色，随手把捷报放在旁边，照样下棋。
客人知道是前方送来的战报，忍不住问谢安："战况怎样？"谢安慢吞吞地说："孩子们到底把秦人打败了。"
客人听了，高兴得不想再下棋，想赶快把这个好消息告诉别人，就告别走了。
谢安送走客人，回到内宅去，他的兴奋心情再也按捺不住，
跨过门槛的时候，踉踉跄跄的，把脚上的木屐的齿也碰断了。
------------------------------------------------------------------
公元383年发生的淝水之战，是偏安江左的东晋王朝同北方氏族贵族建立的前秦政权之间进行的一次战略性大决战。战争的结果，是弱小的东晋军队临危不乱，利用前秦统治者苻坚战略决策上的失误和前秦军队战术部署上的不当而大获全胜，成为中国历史上以弱胜强的著名战例之一。
西晋末年的腐败政治，引发了社会大动乱，中国历史进入了分裂割据的南北朝时期。在南方，晋琅邪王司马睿于公元317年在建康（今江苏南京）称帝，建立东晋，占据了汉水、淮河以南大部分地区。在北方，各少数民族政权纷争迭起。由氐族人建立的前秦国先后灭掉前燕、代、前梁等割据国，统一了黄河流域。以后又于公元373年攻占了东晋的梁（今陕西汉中）、益（今四川成都）二州，将势力扩展到长江和汉水上游。前秦皇帝符坚因此踌躇满志，欲图以"疾风之扫秋叶"之势，一举荡平偏安江南的东晋，统一南北。
公元383年8月，符坚亲率步兵60万、骑兵27万、羽林郎（禁卫军）3万，共90万大军从长安南下，同时，符坚又命梓潼太守裴元略率水师7万从巴蜀顺流东下，向建康进军。近百万行军队伍"前后千里，旗鼓相望。东西万里，水陆齐进。"符坚骄狂地宣称："以我百万大军，即使将马鞭扔到长江中，也足以让长江断流。"
东晋王朝在强敌压境，面临生死存亡的危急关头，以丞相谢安为首的主战派决意奋起抵御。经谢安举荐，晋帝任命谢安之弟谢石为征讨大都督，谢安之侄谢玄为先锋，率领经过7年训练，有较强战斗力的"北府兵"8万沿淮河西上，迎击秦军主力。派胡彬率领水军5千增援战略要地寿阳（今安徽寿县）。又任名恒冲为江州刺史，率10万晋军控制长江中游，阻止秦巴蜀军顺江东下。
10月18日，符坚之弟符融率秦前锋部队攻占了寿阳，俘虏晋军守将徐元喜。与此同时，秦军慕容垂部攻占了郧城（今湖北郧县）。奉命率水军驰援寿阳的胡彬在半路上得知寿阳已被苻融攻破，便退守硖石（今安徽凤台西南），等待与谢石、谢玄的大军会合。苻融又率军攻打硖石。苻融部将梁成率兵5万进攻洛涧（在今安徽淮南东），截断淮河交通，阻断了胡彬的退路。胡彬困守硖石，粮草用尽，难以支撑，写信向谢石告急，但送信的晋兵被秦兵捉住，此信落在苻融手里。苻融立刻向苻坚报告了晋军兵少，粮草缺乏的情况，建议迅速起兵，以防晋军逃遁。苻坚得报，把大军留在项城，亲率8千骑兵疾趋寿阳。
符坚一到寿阳，立即派原东晋襄阳守将朱序到晋军大营去劝降。 朱序到晋营后，不但没有劝降，反而向谢石提供了秦军的情况。他说："秦军虽有百万之众，但还在进军中，如果兵力集中起来，晋军将难以抵御。现在情况不同，应趁秦军没能全部抵达的时机，迅速发动进攻，只要能击败其前锋部队，挫其锐气，就能击破秦百万大军。"谢石起初认为秦军兵强大，打算坚守不战，待敌疲惫再伺机反攻。听了朱序的话后，认为很有道理，便改变了作战方针，决定转守为攻，主动出击。
11月，谢玄派谴勇将刘牢之率精兵5千奔袭洛涧，揭开了淝水大战的序幕。秦将梁成率部5万在洛涧边上列阵迎击。刘牢之分兵一部迂回到秦军阵后，断其归路；自己率兵强渡洛水，猛攻秦阵。秦军惊慌失措，勉强抵挡一阵，就土崩瓦解，主将梁成和其弟梁云战死，官兵争先恐后渡过淮河逃命，1.5万余人丧生。洛涧大捷，极大鼓舞了晋军的士气。谢石挥军水陆并进，直抵淝水（今淝河，在安徽寿县南）东岸，在八公山边扎下大营，与寿阳的秦军隔岸对峙。苻坚站在寿阳城楼上，一眼望去，只见对岸晋军布阵整齐，将士精锐。连八公山上的草木，他也感到类似人形，误认为是晋兵，颇为惊慌，对苻融说："这是劲敌！怎能说他们是弱敌呢？"
由于秦军紧逼淝水西岸布阵，晋军无法渡河，只能隔岸对峙。谢玄就派使者去见苻融，用激将法对他说："将军率军深入晋地，却紧逼河岸布阵，这难道是想决战吗？如果你把阵地稍向后退，空出一块地方，让我军渡过淝水，双方一决胜负如何！"秦军诸将都表示反对，但苻坚认为可以将计就计，让军队稍向后退，待晋军半渡过河时，再以骑兵冲杀，这样就可以取得胜利。苻融对苻坚的计划也表示赞同，于是就答应了谢玄的要求，指挥秦军后撤。但秦兵士气低落，结果一后撤就失去控制，阵势大乱。谢玄率领8千多骑兵，趁势抢渡淝水，向秦军猛攻。朱序则在秦军阵后大叫："秦兵败了！秦兵败了！"秦兵信以为真，于是转身竟相奔逃。苻融眼见大势不妙，急忙骑马前去阻止，以图稳住阵脚，不料战马被乱兵冲倒，被晋军追兵杀死。失去主将的秦兵越发混乱，彻底崩溃。前锋的溃败，引起后续部队的惊恐，也随之溃逃，行成连锁反应，结果全军溃逃，向北败退。秦军溃兵沿途不敢停留，听到风声鹤唳，都以为是晋军追来。晋军乘胜追击，一直到达寿阳附近的青冈。秦兵人马相踏而死的，满山遍野，充塞大河。苻坚本人也中箭负伤，单枪匹马逃回烙阳。
晋军收复寿阳，谢石和谢玄派飞马往建康报捷。当时谢安正跟客人在家下棋。他看完了谢石送来的捷报，不露声色，随手把捷报放在旁边，照样下棋。客人知道是前方送来的战报，忍不住问谢安："战况怎样？"谢安慢吞吞地说："孩子们到底把秦人打败了。"客人听了，高兴得不想再下棋，想赶快把这个好消息告诉别人，就告别走了。谢安送走客人，回到内宅去，他的兴奋心情再也按捺不住，跨过门槛的时候，踉踉跄跄的，把脚上的木屐的齿也碰断了。
淝水之战，前秦军被歼和逃散的共有70多万。唯有鲜卑慕容垂部的3万人马尚完整无损。苻坚统一南北的希望彻底破灭，不仅如此，北方暂时统一的局面也随之解体，再次分裂成更多的地方民族政权，鲜卑族的慕容垂和羌族的姚苌等他族贵族重新崛起，各自建立了新的国家，苻坚本人也在两年后被姚苌俘杀，前秦随之灭亡。此战的胜利者东晋王朝虽无力恢复全中国的统治权，但却有效地遏制了北方少数民族的南下侵扰，为江南地区社会经济的恢复和发展创造了条件。
苻坚惨败淝水，原因众多。其中主要有：骄傲自大，主观武断，不听劝阻，一意孤行地轻率开战；内部不稳，意见不一，降将思乱，人心浮动；战线太长，分散兵力，舍长就短，缺乏协同；初战受挫，即失去信心；加上不知军情，随意后撤，自乱阵脚，给敌人提供可乘之机；对朱序等人的间谍活动没有察觉，让对手掌握已方情况，使已陷入被动地位。
东晋军队的胜利，主要的因素归结起来，就是：临危不乱，从容应战；君臣和睦，将士用命；主将有能，指挥若定；得敌情之实，知己知彼；士卒精练，北府兵以一当十；了解天时地利，发挥已军之长；初战破敌，挫其兵锋，励已士气；以智激敌，诱其自乱，然后乘隙掩杀；坚决实施战略追击，扩大战果。由此可见，淝水之战中双方得失足资启迪。
淝水之战也成为以少胜多的著名战例，载入军事史，对后世兵家的战争观念和决战思想产生着久远影响。
当时谢安正跟客人在家下棋。他看完了谢石送来的捷报，不露声色，随手把捷报放在旁边，照样下棋。
客人知道是前方送来的战报，忍不住问谢安："战况怎样？"谢安慢吞吞地说："孩子们到底把秦人打败了。"
客人听了，高兴得不想再下棋，想赶快把这个好消息告诉别人，就告别走了。
谢安送走客人，回到内宅去，他的兴奋心情再也按捺不住，
跨过门槛的时候，踉踉跄跄的，把脚上的木屐的齿也碰断了。
------------------------------------------------------------------
公元383年发生的淝水之战，是偏安江左的东晋王朝同北方氏族贵族建立的前秦政权之间进行的一次战略性大决战。战争的结果，是弱小的东晋军队临危不乱，利用前秦统治者苻坚战略决策上的失误和前秦军队战术部署上的不当而大获全胜，成为中国历史上以弱胜强的著名战例之一。
西晋末年的腐败政治，引发了社会大动乱，中国历史进入了分裂割据的南北朝时期。在南方，晋琅邪王司马睿于公元317年在建康（今江苏南京）称帝，建立东晋，占据了汉水、淮河以南大部分地区。在北方，各少数民族政权纷争迭起。由氐族人建立的前秦国先后灭掉前燕、代、前梁等割据国，统一了黄河流域。以后又于公元373年攻占了东晋的梁（今陕西汉中）、益（今四川成都）二州，将势力扩展到长江和汉水上游。前秦皇帝符坚因此踌躇满志，欲图以"疾风之扫秋叶"之势，一举荡平偏安江南的东晋，统一南北。
公元383年8月，符坚亲率步兵60万、骑兵27万、羽林郎（禁卫军）3万，共90万大军从长安南下，同时，符坚又命梓潼太守裴元略率水师7万从巴蜀顺流东下，向建康进军。近百万行军队伍"前后千里，旗鼓相望。东西万里，水陆齐进。"符坚骄狂地宣称："以我百万大军，即使将马鞭扔到长江中，也足以让长江断流。"
东晋王朝在强敌压境，面临生死存亡的危急关头，以丞相谢安为首的主战派决意奋起抵御。经谢安举荐，晋帝任命谢安之弟谢石为征讨大都督，谢安之侄谢玄为先锋，率领经过7年训练，有较强战斗力的"北府兵"8万沿淮河西上，迎击秦军主力。派胡彬率领水军5千增援战略要地寿阳（今安徽寿县）。又任名恒冲为江州刺史，率10万晋军控制长江中游，阻止秦巴蜀军顺江东下。
10月18日，符坚之弟符融率秦前锋部队攻占了寿阳，俘虏晋军守将徐元喜。与此同时，秦军慕容垂部攻占了郧城（今湖北郧县）。奉命率水军驰援寿阳的胡彬在半路上得知寿阳已被苻融攻破，便退守硖石（今安徽凤台西南），等待与谢石、谢玄的大军会合。苻融又率军攻打硖石。苻融部将梁成率兵5万进攻洛涧（在今安徽淮南东），截断淮河交通，阻断了胡彬的退路。胡彬困守硖石，粮草用尽，难以支撑，写信向谢石告急，但送信的晋兵被秦兵捉住，此信落在苻融手里。苻融立刻向苻坚报告了晋军兵少，粮草缺乏的情况，建议迅速起兵，以防晋军逃遁。苻坚得报，把大军留在项城，亲率8千骑兵疾趋寿阳。
符坚一到寿阳，立即派原东晋襄阳守将朱序到晋军大营去劝降。 朱序到晋营后，不但没有劝降，反而向谢石提供了秦军的情况。他说："秦军虽有百万之众，但还在进军中，如果兵力集中起来，晋军将难以抵御。现在情况不同，应趁秦军没能全部抵达的时机，迅速发动进攻，只要能击败其前锋部队，挫其锐气，就能击破秦百万大军。"谢石起初认为秦军兵强大，打算坚守不战，待敌疲惫再伺机反攻。听了朱序的话后，认为很有道理，便改变了作战方针，决定转守为攻，主动出击。
11月，谢玄派谴勇将刘牢之率精兵5千奔袭洛涧，揭开了淝水大战的序幕。秦将梁成率部5万在洛涧边上列阵迎击。刘牢之分兵一部迂回到秦军阵后，断其归路；自己率兵强渡洛水，猛攻秦阵。秦军惊慌失措，勉强抵挡一阵，就土崩瓦解，主将梁成和其弟梁云战死，官兵争先恐后渡过淮河逃命，1.5万余人丧生。洛涧大捷，极大鼓舞了晋军的士气。谢石挥军水陆并进，直抵淝水（今淝河，在安徽寿县南）东岸，在八公山边扎下大营，与寿阳的秦军隔岸对峙。苻坚站在寿阳城楼上，一眼望去，只见对岸晋军布阵整齐，将士精锐。连八公山上的草木，他也感到类似人形，误认为是晋兵，颇为惊慌，对苻融说："这是劲敌！怎能说他们是弱敌呢？"
由于秦军紧逼淝水西岸布阵，晋军无法渡河，只能隔岸对峙。谢玄就派使者去见苻融，用激将法对他说："将军率军深入晋地，却紧逼河岸布阵，这难道是想决战吗？如果你把阵地稍向后退，空出一块地方，让我军渡过淝水，双方一决胜负如何！"秦军诸将都表示反对，但苻坚认为可以将计就计，让军队稍向后退，待晋军半渡过河时，再以骑兵冲杀，这样就可以取得胜利。苻融对苻坚的计划也表示赞同，于是就答应了谢玄的要求，指挥秦军后撤。但秦兵士气低落，结果一后撤就失去控制，阵势大乱。谢玄率领8千多骑兵，趁势抢渡淝水，向秦军猛攻。朱序则在秦军阵后大叫："秦兵败了！秦兵败了！"秦兵信以为真，于是转身竟相奔逃。苻融眼见大势不妙，急忙骑马前去阻止，以图稳住阵脚，不料战马被乱兵冲倒，被晋军追兵杀死。失去主将的秦兵越发混乱，彻底崩溃。前锋的溃败，引起后续部队的惊恐，也随之溃逃，行成连锁反应，结果全军溃逃，向北败退。秦军溃兵沿途不敢停留，听到风声鹤唳，都以为是晋军追来。晋军乘胜追击，一直到达寿阳附近的青冈。秦兵人马相踏而死的，满山遍野，充塞大河。苻坚本人也中箭负伤，单枪匹马逃回烙阳。
晋军收复寿阳，谢石和谢玄派飞马往建康报捷。当时谢安正跟客人在家下棋。他看完了谢石送来的捷报，不露声色，随手把捷报放在旁边，照样下棋。客人知道是前方送来的战报，忍不住问谢安："战况怎样？"谢安慢吞吞地说："孩子们到底把秦人打败了。"客人听了，高兴得不想再下棋，想赶快把这个好消息告诉别人，就告别走了。谢安送走客人，回到内宅去，他的兴奋心情再也按捺不住，跨过门槛的时候，踉踉跄跄的，把脚上的木屐的齿也碰断了。
淝水之战，前秦军被歼和逃散的共有70多万。唯有鲜卑慕容垂部的3万人马尚完整无损。苻坚统一南北的希望彻底破灭，不仅如此，北方暂时统一的局面也随之解体，再次分裂成更多的地方民族政权，鲜卑族的慕容垂和羌族的姚苌等他族贵族重新崛起，各自建立了新的国家，苻坚本人也在两年后被姚苌俘杀，前秦随之灭亡。此战的胜利者东晋王朝虽无力恢复全中国的统治权，但却有效地遏制了北方少数民族的南下侵扰，为江南地区社会经济的恢复和发展创造了条件。
苻坚惨败淝水，原因众多。其中主要有：骄傲自大，主观武断，不听劝阻，一意孤行地轻率开战；内部不稳，意见不一，降将思乱，人心浮动；战线太长，分散兵力，舍长就短，缺乏协同；初战受挫，即失去信心；加上不知军情，随意后撤，自乱阵脚，给敌人提供可乘之机；对朱序等人的间谍活动没有察觉，让对手掌握已方情况，使已陷入被动地位。
东晋军队的胜利，主要的因素归结起来，就是：临危不乱，从容应战；君臣和睦，将士用命；主将有能，指挥若定；得敌情之实，知己知彼；士卒精练，北府兵以一当十；了解天时地利，发挥已军之长；初战破敌，挫其兵锋，励已士气；以智激敌，诱其自乱，然后乘隙掩杀；坚决实施战略追击，扩大战果。由此可见，淝水之战中双方得失足资启迪。
淝水之战也成为以少胜多的著名战例，载入军事史，对后世兵家的战争观念和决战思想产生着久远影响。
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